![]() ![]() Wi- Fi - Wikipedia. Wi- Fi or Wi. Fi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 8. Wi- Fi is a trademark of the Wi- Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi- Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Wi- Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 2. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. History. ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE 8. ![]() A 1. 98. 5 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use. This was updated in 1. Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1. 99. 9, the Wi- Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi- Fi trademark under which most products are sold. The Wi- Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was . The yin- yang Wi- Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability. Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards, such as 2. G, 3. G, 4. G, and LTE. The name is sometimes written as Wi. Fi, Wifi, or wifi, but these are not approved by the Wi- Fi Alliance. Wi- Fi ad- hoc mode. Ad- hoc mode was first invented and realized by Chai K. Toh in his 1. 99. Wi- Fi ad- hoc routing, implemented on Lucent Wave. LAN 8. 02. 1. 1a wireless on IBM Think. Pads over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in Mobile Computing magazine (1. The non- profit Wi- Fi Alliance was formed in 1. View full Atheros AR9485 802.11 b/g/n WiFi Adapter specs on CNET. WiFi-Link Technologies Inc is a professional manufacturer and retailer also is a online shop of outdoor wireless antennas including the Yagi antenna, Panel antenna. The last major revision to the main WiFi standard was 802.11ac, which was designed to dramatically increase the speed of data transfers. This is the first standard on. This includes wireless local area network (WLAN) connections, device to device connectivity (such as Wi- Fi Peer to Peer aka Wi- Fi Direct), Personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN) and even some limited wide area network (WAN) connections. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi- Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi- Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 8. WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 8. The lack of Wi- Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi- Fi devices. They are created and maintained by the IEEELAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 8. The base version of the standard was released in 1. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi- Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. A dot with curved lines radiating from it is a common symbol for Wi- Fi, representing a point transmitting a signal. The combination of computer and interface controller is called a station. A fast wireless base station with simultaneous dual. Learn more: Next-generation 802.11ac WiFor all stations that share a single radio frequency communication channel, transmissions on this channel are received by all stations within range. A carrier wave is used to transmit the data. The data is organised in packets on an Ethernet link, referred to as . The coverage of one or more interconnected access points (hotspots) can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi- Fi technology has been used successfully in wireless mesh networks in London, UK. ![]() An international example is Fon. Wi- Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces at Wi- Fi hotspots set up either free- of- charge or commercially, often using a captive portal webpage for access. Organizations and businesses, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free- use hotspots to attract customers. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi- Fi access. Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi- Fi access point, often set up in homes and other buildings, provide Internet access and internetworking to all devices connected to them, wirelessly or via cable. Similarly, battery- powered routers may include a cellular Internet radiomodem and Wi- Fi access point. TamoGraph is a powerful and user-friendly wireless site survey software tool for collecting, visualizing, and analyzing 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi data. RadioLabs WiFi Cards. Our Wireless cards allow you to connect your PC, MAC, or notebook to WiFi hotspots, access points & home/office. Crane’s core mission is to improve weak signals. In most cases, we can boost a weak unreliable WiFi signal to usable strength and reliability.
When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi- Fi stations to access the Internet over 2. G, 3. G, or 4. G networks using the tethering technique. Many smartphones have a built- in capability of this sort, including those based on Android, Black. Berry, Bada, i. OS (i. Phone), Windows Phone and Symbian, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it, especially for customers with unlimited data plans. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi- Fi access points. Wi- Fi also connects places that normally don't have network access, such as kitchens and garden sheds. Google is intending to use the technology to allow rural areas to enjoy connectivity by utilizing a broad mix of projection and routing services. Google also intends to bring connectivity to Africa and some Asian lands by launching blimps that will allow for internet connection with Wi- Fi technology. There are many successful examples; in 2. Mysore became India's first Wi- Fi- enabled city. A company called Wi. Fiy. Net has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the complete city and a few nearby villages. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi- Fi (from Metro. Fi). Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom and SK Telecom. The companies will invest $4. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus- wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1. Wi- Fi branding originated. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi- Fi access to students and staff through the Eduroam international authentication infrastructure. Wi- Fi ad hoc versus Wi- Fi direct. This is called ad hoc Wi- Fi transmission. This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayerhandheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, Play. Station Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or . Because of this choice of frequency band, 8. Bluetooth devices. Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (1. United States for the 2. GHz band, while Japan has three more (1. In the US and other countries, 8. Part 1. 5 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. A Wi- Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2. GHz band. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. The oft- repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 1. Channels 1, 6, and 1. North America and the United Kingdom. In Europe and Japan using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 1. Many 2. 4 GHz 8. 02. Wi- Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points, caused by overlapping channels in the 8. SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high- density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi- Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2. GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM band devices, security cameras, Zig. Bee devices, Bluetooth devices, video senders, cordless phones, baby monitors. It is also an issue when municipalities. The service set can be local, independent, extended or mesh. Each service set has an associated identifier, the 3. Service Set Identifier (SSID), which identifies the particular network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are considered part of the network, and it is transmitted in the packets. Receivers ignore wireless packets from networks with a different SSID. Throughput. 8. 02. MHz) compared to 8. MHz). 7. 6 This means there can be only one 8. GHz band at a given location, without interference to/from other WLAN traffic. MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense community. In the first quarter of 2. The Wi- Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 8. This new standard uses several advanced signal processing techniques such as multi- user MIMO and 4. X4 Spatial Multiplexing streams, and large channel bandwidth (1. MHz) to achieve the Gigabit throughput. Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi- Fi signals. Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi- Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices. Products designated as . Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi- Fi device will work anywhere in the world. Standard devices. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices. Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, mini. PCI, USB, Express. Card, Cardbus and PC Card.
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A well-designed corporate giving program clearly articulates a congruence. Acknowledging the economic benefits of corporate philanthropy does not negate. ExxonMobil is the world’s largest publicly traded international. Employee giving; ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil Corporate overview. Corporate Social Responsibility at. The Nintendo Wellness Connection Program supplies. What kinds of community and corporate giving activities does Nintendo of. The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy The Idea in Brief Caught between critics demanding . Public cynicism, not goodwill. Yet companies can give strategically: by using philanthropy to improve their competitive context . Through context- focused philanthropy, corporations provide money, capabilities, and partnerships to charitable causes in ways that sharpen their own competitive edge. The Idea in Practice Where to Give. To generate the most social and economic value, focus your philanthropy on environmental conditions that will most enhance your productivity: Factor conditions. It's a golden age for corporate giving to. The easiest way to implement such a program is to take a look at your donor list or board. ![]() Increase the presence of trained workers, high- quality scientific and technological institutions, adequate physical infrastructure, and available natural resources. Exxon Mobil makes substantial donations to improve roads in developing countries where it operates. Dream. Works, a film production company, trains high school and community college students in skills required in the entertainment industry. Expand local markets and increase local customers. Apple Computer donates computers to schools, introducing its products to young people. Schools benefit; students and teachers become sophisticated consumers; Apple. Context for strategy and rivalry. Ensure that rules, incentives, and norms governing local competition encourage investment, protect intellectual property, open local markets to trade, and reduce corruption. Example: Transparency International. Local citizens benefit. Sponsoring companies gain access to markets. Encourage development of clusters: local concentrations of interconnected companies, suppliers, industries, and institutions in a particular field. Having high- quality supporting industries and services nearby enhances your firm. American Express depends on travel- related spending for much of its credit card revenues, so it cultivates clusters to improve tourism. Its Travel and Tourism Academies, located in thousands of secondary schools in ten countries, trains students for careers in travel agencies, airlines, hotels, and restaurants. Local citizens gain jobs; Am. Ex strengthens its industry. How to Give. To enhance your philanthropy. Most philanthropy involves giving money to other organizations that deliver the social benefits. To select grantees that will produce the greatest social impact for your philanthropic dollar, leverage your local employees. Grand Circle Travel uses its overseas offices to identify fundable historical preservation projects. Promote effective nonprofit organizations to attract additional donors and improve the outlook for all players. Advance best practice. Develop new means to address social problems. Put them into widespread use. Example: Pfizer developed a drug treatment for preventing blindness caused by trachoma. It donated the drugs to developing countries, working with world health organizations to create infrastructure to prescribe and distribute them. The program will reach 3. Pfizer. Corporate philanthropy is in decline. Charitable contributions by U. S. The reasons are not hard to understand. Includes when and how benefit payments are made, benefits calculators and benefit fraud. Benefits for families.Executives increasingly see themselves in a no- win situation, caught between critics demanding ever higher levels of . Giving more does not satisfy the critics. And executives find it hard, if not impossible, to justify charitable expenditures in terms of bottom- line benefit . This dilemma has led many companies to seek to be more strategic in their philanthropy. Increasingly, philanthropy is used as a form of public relations or advertising, promoting a company. Although it still represents only a small proportion of overall corporate charitable expenditures, U. S. Arts sponsorships are growing, too. While these campaigns do provide much- needed support to worthy causes, they are intended as much to increase company visibility and improve employee morale as to create social impact. Tobacco giant Philip Morris, for example, spent $ 7. Not surprisingly, there are genuine doubts about whether such approaches actually work or just breed public cynicism about company motives. The economist Milton Friedman laid down the gauntlet decades ago, arguing in a 1. New York Times Magazine article that the only . If the corporation makes a contribution, it prevents the individual stockholder from himself deciding how he should dispose of his funds. The majority of corporate contribution programs are diffuse and unfocused. Most consist of numerous small cash donations given to aid local civic causes or provide general operating support to universities and national charities in the hope of generating goodwill among employees, customers, and the local community. Rather than being tied to well- thought- out social or business objectives, the contributions often reflect the personal beliefs and values of executives or employees. Indeed, one of the most popular approaches. Although aimed at enhancing morale, the same effect might be gained from an equal increase in wages that employees could then choose to donate to charity on a tax- deductible basis. It does indeed seem that many of the giving decisions companies make today would be better made by individuals donating their own money. What about the programs that are at least superficially tied to business goals, such as cause- related marketing? Even the successful ones are hard to justify as charitable initiatives. Since all reasonable corporate expenditures are deductible, companies get no special tax advantage for spending on philanthropy as opposed to other corporate purposes. If cause- related marketing is good marketing, it is already deductible and does not benefit from being designated as charitable. But does Friedman? Underlying it are two implicit assumptions. The first is that social and economic objectives are separate and distinct, so that a corporation. The second is the assumption that corporations, when they address social objectives, provide no greater benefit than is provided by individual donors. These assumptions hold true when corporate contributions are unfocused and piecemeal, as is typically the case today. But there is another, more truly strategic way to think about philanthropy. Corporations can use their charitable efforts to improve their competitive context . Using philanthropy to enhance context brings social and economic goals into alignment and improves a company. In addition, addressing context enables a company not only to give money but also to leverage its capabilities and relationships in support of charitable causes. That produces social benefits far exceeding those provided by individual donors, foundations, or even governments. Context- focused giving thus contradicts Friedman. Cisco Systems, to take one example, has invested in an ambitious educational program. By focusing on social needs that affect its corporate context and utilizing its unique attributes as a corporation to address them, Cisco has begun to demonstrate the unrealized potential of corporate philanthropy. Taking this new direction, however, requires fundamental changes in the way companies approach their contribution programs. Corporations need to rethink both where they focus their philanthropy and how they go about their giving. But this is a false dichotomy; it represents an increasingly obsolete perspective in a world of open, knowledge- based competition. Companies do not function in isolation from the society around them. In fact, their ability to compete depends heavily on the circumstances of the locations where they operate. Improving education, for example, is generally seen as a social issue, but the educational level of the local workforce substantially affects a company. The more a social improvement relates to a company. In establishing its Networking Academy, for example, Cisco focused not on the educational system overall, but on the training needed to produce network administrators. Competitiveness today depends on the productivity with which companies can use labor, capital, and natural resources to produce high- quality goods and services. Productivity depends on having workers who are educated, safe, healthy, decently housed, and motivated by a sense of opportunity. Preserving the environment benefits not only society but companies too, because reducing pollution and waste can lead to a more productive use of resources and help produce goods that consumers value. Boosting social and economic conditions in developing countries can create more productive locations for a company. Indeed, we are learning that the most effective method of addressing many of the world. Most corporate expenditures produce benefits only for the business, and charitable contributions unrelated to the business generate only social benefits. It is only where corporate expenditures produce simultaneous social and economic gains that corporate philanthropy and shareholder interests converge, as illustrated in the exhibit . It is here that philanthropy is truly strategic. A Convergence of Interests Competitive context has always been important to strategy. The availability of skilled and motivated employees; the efficiency of the local infrastructure, including roads and telecommunications; the size and sophistication of the local market; the extent of governmental regulations. But competitive context has become even more critical as the basis of competition has moved from cheap inputs to superior productivity. For one thing, modern knowledge- and technology- based competition hinges more and more on worker capabilities. 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Sometime after the launch of XP, somewhere in Redmond, someone on the Microsoft design team was in the progress of developing something for Media Center. It was believed to be too powerful for public consumption and forever archived in the servers at 1 Microsoft Way. Now, a young hobbit man by the name of W3bbo saw light of this unheard of theme, and traveled far and wide to uncover its mysteries. One theme to find. One theme to upload. One theme to rule them all. Devoted Channel. 9 member W3bbo spotted an interesting theme on one of the “people. After some dedicated searching, he finally uncovered this mystery Windows XP theme by Microsoft. W3bbo writes,During Royale. The result is an aesthetic black skin named “Royale Noir”, it even works with Office 2. Since the skin was never released (or reached final adjustments) there are a few issues with it: some of the colors don’t meet the overall “feel” (they’re too purple- ish compared to the greys of the bitmaps) and the inactive titlebars are a little too dark. All Themes are optimized. Featured Desktop Themes. Britney Spears. Desktop Theme: Calm before Storm. Screensaver. Free Lipstick PowerPoint Template is a free beauty PowerPoint presentation design that you can download to make presentations in Microsoft PowerPoint 20. ![]() You’ll find it’s been signed by Microsoft and doesn’t require a custom Ux. Theme. dll in case there are any doubts as to its authenticity. If you already have Royale installed, you’ll need to remove it as both of these skins share the same name. This skin has not been released to anyone outside Microsoft, until now. Without a doubt, XP Media Center’s Royale theme was a huge improvement over Luna. It updated the clich. In my opinion, it was the most usable non- standard XP theme available. Royale Noir is an almost exact copy of Royale except with a dark purplish tint. If Royale was day, Royale Noir is night. No doubt about it, this is a . If you’re the sort of person who likes bright and vivid colors, stay away from this theme. As W3bbo pointed out, there are quite definitely issues with this theme due to its incompleteness. The most obvious being, the “Start” button’s hover and active states are unchanged from Royale, inconsistent with the purple tint surrounding. However, there is even a color scheme for Office 2. Luna colors. Looking at it from the big picture, Royale Noir is a welcomed alternative to the extremely small collection of verified- by- Microsoft XP themes. However being incomplete, it is not recommended for the general consumers. Enthusiasts are welcomed to try it to stand out from the crowd, but even still, you’ll feel right at home with the familiar Luna/Royale style. As I emphasize again, I take no credit for this amazing find. W3bbo did an amazing job uncovering this mystery XP theme. |